In the world there are six towns and villages called Bethlehem. The word Bethlehem means “house of bread”. Bethlehem (“real one“, south of Jerusalem) is known for being the birthplace of Jesus Christ (according to the New Testament).

There lives one of the oldest Christian communities in the world, due to emigration today has a small number of members. According to the belief there is born and King David, who was also a crowned king of Israel.

The first Christmas crib

The first Christmas crib were made by St. Francis of Assisi in a cave in the Italian town of Greccio. They were “live Christmas Crib” as Francis put a newborn between the ox and the donkey. Christmas Crib are representation of the birth of Jesus as described in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke.

Christmas Crib are placed in homes on Christmas Eve and stay until the feast of Epiphany, and in the churches until the feast of the Baptism of Jesus. The first Christmas crib with figures, were placed in the convent of Fussen in Bavaria, 1252. Christmas Crib as we know them date back to the 16th century and flourished after the First World War.

December 25

In 330 was set December 25 as the date for celebrating Jesus’ birthday. At that time of the day in Rome to celebrate the feast of the Invincible Sun – Natalis Solis Invicta, in Greece Dionysus, and ancient Egyptians were celebrating the birth of Horus.

Santa Claus vs St. Nicholas

Austrian and German authorities were at one time banned the figure of Santa Claus, claiming that he is a product of Coca-Cola and it distracts people from the real meaning of the holidays. The initiative for this campaign started from Vienna where traditionally St. Nicholas delivers the gifts.

Red Coca Cola advertising character called Santa Claus will spread rapidly throughout the world. Although an American product, even in the communist Soviet Union after the war recognized a good opportunity for the suppression of religious Saint Nicholas, who is also replaced by the name and the image of Santa Claus, where Coca-Cola advertising Grandpa had one big advantage: it was red!

American Santa Claus name is actually a distortion of the Dutch Sinterklaas, or St. Nicholas, which was probably first spread from New York (former Dutch colony called Neeuw Amsterdam).

Silent Night

The song “Silent Night”, originally “Stille Nacht,” wrote pastor of the Austrian town of Oberndorf, Joseph Mohr,  and Franz Gruber composed this song in 1818 after spoiled organ of the parish church.

The story says that the mice actually to blame for the fact that this song at all occurred. The mice were „hungry“ and damaged the church organ so that they are simply numb.

Christmas Eve is approaching. The organ was out of order. Josef Mohr at all costs wanted to midnight mass has a new song in the church. He called for urgent Franz Gruber and then notes of “Silent Night” were prepared with a guitar. “Silent Night” has so far been translated into more than 300 languages and dialects.

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In the first few hours of the attack was total chaos. Some American planes took off to attack the enemy in the air… But anti-aircraft defense fired at everything that was in the air, so they shot down five US planes. Also, misfired US shells were falling on the nearby villages, killing more than 50 civilians.

No more survivors from the USS Arizona

Joe Langdell was the last surviving member of the crew of the USS Arizona. He has died at the age of 100, in February 2015. Langdell survived the attack at Pearl Harbor, along with 334 other Arizona crewmen, while 1,177 died in the attack.

Half killed were on USS Arizona

At the USS Arizona were killed half of all those killed in the attacked at Pearl Harbor. Life has lost a total of about 2,400 people (at Arizona 1,177). It was damaged or destroyed 20 American ships and more than 300 airplanes. Most airplanes were destroyed on the ground, so they did not even had a chance to confront the enemy in the air.

The attack lasted only 2 hours

The attack was fast, well-planned and stunning. Americans were completely surprised. The Japanese attacked in two waves and with the two types of bombs. Japanese code name of attack was ‘Zero Hour’, and lasted only two hours.

Brothers, fathers and sons

It is little known that at attack on Pearl Harbor were killed more than 30 sets of brothers, also a large number of fathers and sons. Until then, the practice was that the brothers serve together, but later just because of this are separated brothers and family in the US military. Also on Arizona served twins, Delbert and John Anderson. Delbert was killed, and John never found his body.

One of the consequences the attack is ecological disaster

After the attack, several boats were sunk, and one of them is the battleship USS Arizona. At the time of sinking it contained 1.2 million gallons of oil. Half of oil have flowed into the first few days of the attack which caused a huge ecological disaster, and today oil in a small amount flows out of the wreck. It is assumed to be more than 500,000 liters of oil inside the wreck. Black spot caused by this disaster is called “black tears”.

Jeannette Rankin, the only against the war

America entered the war the next day. President Roosevelt asked Congress to vote on entry into WWII, and this was approved with just one dissenting vote – by the first woman elected to Congress, Jeannette Rankin. In the war has killed more than 400,000 Americans, and total of over 60 million people, which was about 3% of the world population in 1940 (est. 2.3 billion).

Read also Japanese Holdouts After World War 2!

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Most people think that Cleopatra committed suicide by the left cobra snake on her breasts. But it is written that her death was gentle and painless, while cobra venom causes paralysis, spasms and severe pain.

It is likely that she was poisoned on Augustus’ order, and sucide with cobra bite is a fictional story to cover up a murder.

Cleopatra was three times married

After her father’s death in 51 BC, she became monarch with only 18 years old. She ruled for 21 years and even had three marriages: first with Ptolemy XIII, the second with Ptolemy XIV and the third, also the most famous marriage with Mark Antony.

Cleopatra died just 12 days after the death of Mark Antony, who committed suicide with a sword because he thought that she also committed suicide.

She was married to her brothers

As mentioned previously; she was married three times. But fact is, her first two husbands were her brothers. It may sound strange but it was then common in Egypt’s royal dynasties. That is why many members of the dynasty suffered from various diseases that occur as a result of incest, as hemophilia and various mental disorders.

It is interesting also that she had no children from her marriages with brothers.

She had children with Caesar and Mark Antony

Cleopatra was the only woman who had children with two rulers of Roman “World”. She was the mistress of Julius Caesar, and with him she had one son, named Caesarion (Little Caesar). He is known as the last Pharaoh of Egypt. It is not ruled long because, soon after assuming the throne, was killed by the Romans.

Her next three kids coming out of her marriage with Mark Antony; two sons and a daughter. Only her daughter was not killed, and after married she became Queen of Mauretania and Numidia (today Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia).

No one knows where her grave is

The historian Plutarch says that her grave is somewhere in Egypt (along with Mark Antony), but research shows that this may not be true.

It is believed that she built a tomb for himself in the ancient city of Alexandria, and that part the city is now under the sea.

1000 liters of donkey’s milk bath

Did you know that Cleopatra bathed in donkey’s milk? Yes, bathed daily in donkey’s milk, and for one bath is needed more than 1,000 liters of milk. She believed that in this way keeps the skin young.

Given the price and the high cost of milk, that is like someone, nowadays, every day spend on bathing more than 100,000 USD.

Cleopatra was not beautiful

Cleopatra was considered a symbol of beauty, but mostly because we all imagine her as Elizabeth Taylor (no need to explain why). But the beauty in those days and today is not the same thing. From the looks of her portraits and statues she had a long and crooked nose, a firm face and pointy beard.

What then attracted two Roman rulers? Probably her political power and influence and fact that “today” look was not important in Ancient times. But we will continue to imagine her as Elizabeth Taylor, and she will remain the symbol of beauty.

Read also Facts About Hatshepsut the Pharaoh!

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The sundial is one of the world’s oldest scientific instruments. Designed to tell the time to the nearest hour, the ancient contraption was first created by the Babylonian and Egyptian civilisations and works by measuring the Sun’s movement across the sky.

The mechanism’s dial is known as a gnomon or style and contains numerals representing the hours of the day, so when a shadow (or shard of light in some variations) is present on a specific number, that is the current hour. Sundials vary by their latitude.

The Sun appears to take various paths across the sky in different parts of the world so a sundial must be tailored for the location it is in. Also, the time shown can vary by how close it is to a time-zone boundary. Clearly, they work better in sunnier areas, so they are more effective in the Mediterranean than in England!

Read also How do Cuckoo Clocks Work and How Atomic Clocks Work!

Telling time – The base of the sundial is marked with the daylight hours. The shadow will tell you the time, depending on where it falls.

Sundial points north – Sundials need to point north and sit on a flat surface. The gnomon – the part that protrudes from the dial – casts a shadow.

Shadow length – The Sun is highest in the sky at midday and casts short shadows. When it is lower in the sky, shadows are longer.

Obelisk – According to archaeological records, the earliest known sundials are obelisks (3500 BC), and the shading clocks (1500 BC) from ancient Egyptian and Babylonian astronomy.

Read also How do Pendulum Clocks Work!

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The first circus to be erected in the city, the original building was a wholly wooden construction. Increased in size by Julius Caesar, a triple stone arch was later added to honour Emperor Titus, before the entire structure was rebuilt in stone and concrete by Emperor Trajan in 103 CE, after a fire destroyed its wooden predecessor.

Although various monumental additions were continually added during the following centuries, the Circus Maximus essentially remained the same for the next 400 years. Despite the massive cost of the circus’s construction and the popularity of chariot racing, admission was entirely free – anyone could attend races, including poorer citizens.

Betting was popular with all classes and under the stands were food stalls, stables and shops that serviced charioteers and public alike. Several small temples and shrines were also incorporated into the complex and religious festivals were held annually within its walls.

Other forms of entertainment also featured in the venue’s yearly calendar, including musical recitals, athletics competitions, plays and staged animal hunts. With the advent of Christianity and the crumbling Roman Empire, the fortunes of the Circus Maximus quickly declined.

The last recorded chariot race took place in 549 CE, after which Rome’s greatest entertainment venue was abandoned and became a quarry. In 1587, the two Egyptian obelisks that stood on the central spine were removed by Pope Sixtus V to adorn different parts of the city; the rest of the building disappeared soon after. Today, the circus’s site is used as a public park and there is little to indicate its former glory.

Located to the south of the city’s heart, the Circus Maximus was a functional building as well as a prestigious monument proclaiming the glory of Rome.

Towering over the circus on its northern flank was the great Palatine Palace, built by the emperors Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. Bordering both the palace and the circus at its southern end was the Septizonium, a huge marble façade, which functioned as an ornamental fountain.

Rising above the circus on its southern flank was the Aventine Hill, crowded with temples and private villas, while to the west stood smaller buildings and the River Tiber.

Read also What was the Colosseum Used for in Ancient Rome!

Circus Maximus facts

Circus Maximus – At 621m (2,037) long and with a 250,000 capacity (according to Pliny), this great Roman circus was never surpassed.

Starting gates – Charioteers entered the circus from the starting gates located at the northern end of the arena.

Metae – Made from three conical stone pillars, these turning posts marked the ends of the central dividing barrier and protected it from damage as the chariots cornered.

Egyptian obelisk – Removed from Heliopolis in Egypt by Augustus, the obelisk commemorated the Roman victory over Antony and Cleopatra.

Spina – Running down the length of the circus, chariots raced around this central brick and stone barrier.

Seating – Rising some three storeys or more in height, the seating in the Circus Maximus was built of stone and brick, with wooden sections added at the top.

Imperial box – Located on the palace side of the circus, the imperial box allowed the royal family to watch races in comfort and security

Drainage canal – Dug between the bottom of the seating and the edge of the track, the canal helped drain the fl oor and also protect spectators from chariot crashes.

Processional entrance – Civic and religious processions entered the circus at its southern end under a triple arch erected in honour of Emperor Titus.

Read also Facts About Gladiators!

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The Romans outwitted their opponents using expert battle tactics and perfectly engineered weapons and armour. Soldiers were divided into legions that served different territories and swore an oath of loyalty to the centurions.

One of the main reasons why the Romans consistently beat their enemies (and what links them to today’s military) is the fact that the army was a professional conscripted force.

A full-time operation, a soldier was one of the highest-paid and most-respected occupations in the empire.

Sea and land

On the high seas of the Mediterranean, the Romans enjoyed even more dominance than on land. Using triremes and galleys propelled by teams of over 100 men, ships attacked either by ramming the opposition or boarding their ships.

Owing a lot of their strategies to reverse-engineering methods learnt from the Greeks and Carthaginians, maritime superiority was essential for victory in the Punic Wars and Egypt campaigns.

The senior arm of the Roman navy was known as the Classis Misenensis and except for internal civil wars, achieved total marine dominance for Rome after the Punic Wars.

Read also Ancient Roman Gladiators!

Roman military facts

Organisation – 180 legionnaires were in a century. Together, six centuries made a cohort of 480 men. A legion had ten cohorts and the entire army contained 30 legions, a total of around 150,000 soldiers.

Training – lasted four months and consisted of marching, formation and weapons training. Recruits also learned to swim, ride a horse and use a bow and a sling.

Pay – A legionnaire would earn a basic 225 denarii for a year’s service. Out of this wage packet were deductions for equipment, food and even a regiment savings bank.

Sacrementum – Each soldier would swear a ‘sacrementum’ when they began their service, pledging their allegiance to the emperor and vow never to abandon comrades or desert a battle.

Equipment – Armour was light but sturdy. The helmets and armour could repel projectiles while the military-issue tunic was comfortable enough to wear on long marches.

Fast – Soldiers had to be able to march 32km (20mi) in five hours while carrying around 20.5kg (45lb) of equipment.

Cavalry – Roman cavalry riders supported the legionnaires by attacking an army’s flanks. They could also chase down any enemies that tried to escape.

Legionnaires– The legion was the main unit of the army and applicants were required to be Roman citizens between the ages of 17 and 45.

Formation – Legionnaires would form a defensive front using their rectangle scutum shields, which was a progression on the Greek phalanx formation.

Auxiliaries – Auxiliaries (non-citizen soldiers) formed the rest of the Empire’s militia and could only be granted citizenship after 25 years’ service.

Discipline and tortoise – The strict Roman ranks were extremely effective against the barbarian hordes, who had no effective response to the Testudo (tortoise) formation.

Read also Facts about Roman Forts!

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The massive engineering projects that were undertaken and the advances in medicine and society ensure Roman infl uence can still be felt now. For example, concrete and cement were first popularised in Ancient Rome, as was a type of central heating known as a hypocaust.

One of the most remarkable traits of all though, was the ability for the Romans to work all their schemes and inventions into fully functioning cities within an extensive empire.

Rome itself was a bustling metropolis that no other civilisation matched in prosperity and size for centuries afterward.

Nowhere else in the ancient world had grand shopping centres like Trajan’s Market, specialised landfi ll sites such as Monte Testaccio or extensive sewer networks like the Cloaca Maxima.

They were also famously profi cient at town planning and building large structures. Home life was revolutionised under the Romans. Also, as is well known, the army was an all-conquering juggernaut that took the old world by storm. To commemorate their affect on modern society and technology, we discover just how innovative and ground-breaking this civilisation really was.

Inside a Roman house

The citizens of Rome had to be properly housed to ensure that the vast urban sprawl could operate as an organised society. Prior to the Romans, impressive structures were built by the Egyptians and the Greeks but never on the scale of the Roman Empire with its extensive housing projects.

Roman building techniques owed a lot to Greek and Etruscan influences. Houses were one or two storeys high and included lots of different sections. Ideally adapted to the Mediterranean heat, the typical Roman house often had no windows (glass was rarely used), instead fitted with an atrium to act as an open-air courtyard in the middle of the building.

Life in a house was boosted by a fully functioning public welfare system that provided grain to 300,000 of Rome’s families every year. If you wanted some retail therapy, Trajan’s Market had over one hundred tabernae (shops) selling a variety of goods.

Not every citizen was lucky or rich enough to own a house. Lower classes were put into one of Rome’s many ‘insulae’ apartment buildings and there are believed to have been over 40,000 of these in the city. In fact, these apartments outnumbered family houses by 20 to one!

Read also Facts about Roman Villas!

Roman houses

Building blocks – The Romans used pulleys and levers to shift large building blocks. Slaves carried out the hard graft.

Roof tiles – A stonesman would carve thin tiles from stone. These were laid on top of wooden beams and fi xed with nails.

Mosaics – Chips of stone were laid into cement to create beautiful works of art. This technique borrowed from Greece.

Read also How Roman Baths Were Heated!

Heating in Roman houses – hypocaust system

Larger residences were heated by a hypocaust system, an ancient method of underfloor heating.

Slaves kept the system running by keeping the flame alight. It is still unknown how well the convection currents worked and whether some rooms got too hot because of the system.

Underneath a raised floor, vents allowed heated air to travel freely and used convection currents to heat the tiles above. The warm air came from a woodburning furnace.

The hypocaust was reserved only for the wealthiest villas and large bathhouses. Also, the burning of wood produced toxic carbon monoxide fumes.

Read also How did Roman Underfloor Heating Work!

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Language
Language of Mayan civilization is a linguistic family Mayan. It was spoken at least 3,000 years in the areas where these people built their culture. From ancient Maya language to date has developed several related languages used by their descendants Yucatec Maya, Mopan, Lacandon, Itzá, Cruzob and Icaiche. Today’s Mayas speaks modern Maya languages that are directly evolved from the ancient proto-Mayan language

Six tribes
Mayans are divided into six tribes, namely: Maya (Yucatec), Mopan, Lacandon, Itzá, Cruzob and Icaiche. All other groups form a special group within the Mayan family and do not belong to the real Mayans.

City-states
Mayan civilization have never created a unitary state, but the empire was divided into many city-states some of which are temporarily had supremacy over others or were linked in alliances cities.

Mayan roads are still in use

Their cities were connected by a network of roads some of which are still in use. Some of the most important cities were Comalcalco, Palenque, Copan, Altun Ha, Calakmul, Uaxactún and Quiriguá and Tikal. In Mayan empire during classic period (c. 250–900 AD) lived about 2,000,000 people. The largest and most luxurious city of Tikal had between 75.000 to 100.000 inhabitants.

Spaniards in the Yucatan
With the arrival of the Spaniards in the Yucatan (1520) ends the free life of this nation who are already living the jungles. In 1524 the Spaniards, led by Pedro de Alvarado smoothly conquered the southern part of the peninsula. In 1528 the northern part occupied by Francisco de Montejo. The conquest of Yucatan was completed in 1546, but Mayan civilization still resisted the Spaniards.

Mathematics, astronomy…

Maya people achieve high achievements in mathematics, astronomy (they had a calendar which neither today’s calendars not surpasses), construction, arts and had their letter. Therefore, they are often considered the most developed civilization of the New World. Read more about Mayan calendar.

Mayan pyramids

Mayan pyramids are so acoustic to whisper heard 170 m far. In the pyramid of El Tajin in Mexico there are 365 niches, each of them the sun shone only once a year. Pyramid of Kukulcan in Chichen Itza is a kind of astronomical clock which marks the arrival of winter and summer solstices and the spring and autumn equinox. When in those days the sun falls on the pyramid, gets the see the snake that climbs and descends a series of its surface made of 91 steps on each of the four sides of the pyramid. Together with a platform on top of the pyramid, the four staircases are 365 stairs, or yearly calendar.

Beauty crossed eyes

Interestingly, the ancient Mayan civilization considered a sign of beauty crossed eyes. The status is also expressed with the piercing on the ears, nose, and various ornaments on the body. Often members of the senior status their teeth adorned with jade and other sacred stones.

Skull

It should be noted that with Maya was common deformity of the skull. High and flat forehead was considered a sign of beauty. Flat forehead they have achieved with the tying boards at the head of infants (until skull bones have not yet been fully merged), which were left tied for days.

Jaguar in Mayan mythology

In Mayan civilization mythology, Jaguar is one of the most powerful symbols. Jaguar is the sovereign ruler of the underworld, the symbol of the so-called “night sun” and darkness. This ancient civilization is deeply believed that the day and night are two separate, private world. Daily life and the land were associated with daylight, while the darkness was reserved for the souls of the dead. The only link between the two worlds was a Jaguar.

Human sacrifice

As for the many civilizations of the time, and for the Maya is one of the most important ceremony was an act of human sacrifice. Although the Maya did not so often practiced as the Aztecs, various acts of bloodletting have become common, and (finally) is essential for the life in Mayan civilization. Mayan kings ruled by a semi-divine right, and that they believed that their relationship with the gods can take place only through the ritual of sacrifice.

Heart of living victims

All temples (built in staggered design) were constructed with the altar at the top. On the altar were placed human sacrifice. With stone blades, specially designed for this purpose priests cut breast, and as the blood flowed down the altar of the stair of the temple, quickly and decisively were tearing the heart out of still living victims. It was a ritual offer to the gods that allowed Mayan kings to keep absolute control over his people.

Deities

Maya had a large number of deities, and at least 166 had its own name. Each of them owned a few aspects. Some were both male and female, some were in turn able to be both young and old at the same time, and each deity who represented some of the celestial bodies had their different face for the Underworld, which appeared when the deity “die” every evening.

Lacandón people

Lacandón is a small group that consists of 200 people (according to the census of 1980) and attracted great interest of researchers because they have never been baptized and still practice the ancient religion of Maya, which puts them under a lot of pressure by the modern civilization. 50s of this century Lacandón people are still going to hunt with a bow and arrow.

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Illuminati
Illuminati (Enlightened) is a society of free thinkers formed in 1776 in Bavaria as a philosophical opposition to the state. They were committed to the noble objectives such as elimination of prejudice, the battle against government oppression and the fight against discrimination against women.

Today, many believe that the Illuminati have been responsible for the French Revolution and other major historical turning point, as if still in the background controlling the world economy and public opinion, backed by financial injections of banking tycoons like the Rothschilds and others. As members of this mysterious society of the Illuminati are given the Bush family, Winston Churchill and Barack Obama, also Rihanna, Beyonce, Jay Z, Jim Carrey and Lady Gaga.

Trilateral Commission
The Trilateral Commission is a club which has several hundred members from all over the world, started in the early seventies with the aim of strengthening political relations between America, Japan and Europe. The members can become only if they receive an invitation, but a necessity and some higher functions in their own country.

Bilderberg Group
Bilderberg Group is associated with the Trilateral Commission, but as the first of its meetings shall at least have a report which want to influence global developments, the Commission Bilderberg does not it. Confidentiality of meetings justify allegations that they want to speak freely without fear of media. It contains little more than a hundred members of the European and American powerful ones who meet once a year in luxury hotels, and they meet by 1954.

Opus Dei
Opus Dei is a Catholic organization whose official goal is the pursuit of Christian perfection. So it is for the one very useful organization that helps believers to practice their faith in everyday life and giving spiritual help and for the not asking anything in return, while for the other is a radical and conservative group with dangerous intentions that has the desire to rule the world.

Onto Templi Orientis
The spiritual pioneer of Onto Templi Orientis (oriental Templars) society is a chemist Carl Kellner who was interested in Freemasonry and Eastern mysticism. They are also known for learning about the “magic of masturbation,” as well as the other sexual rituals and highly stylized rituals of initiation involving evocation of Egyptian gods and naked priests.

Masons (Freemasons)
Very influential and strictly hierarchically organized movement today, it is believed, has about six million members and was created in conditions of liberal enlightenment. Very influential and strictly hierarchically organized movement today, it is believed, has about six million members and was created in conditions of liberal enlightenment.

The movement builds on the tradition of masonry-construction guilds, thus providing their symbols – a compass and protractor. The basic organizational structure of the Freemasons is the Masonic Lodge, and it is believed that the first was established in 1717 in London. It is believed that post.oje 33 levels. Masons are often associated with conspiracies and conspiracy theories of all kinds. Famous Freemasons were Mark Twain, Henry Ford, Benjamin Franklin…

The Giga Society
This society has only seven members, a prerequisite is to have a higher IQ of 195. This society is not so much a secret as far as elite, in fact, anyone can take the test on their official website and try to secure their place. So far it has managed two Americans, four Europeans and the Japanese one. Each of them is literally one of the billion.

Skull and Bones
Skull and Bones society students from the University of Yale. Every spring this secret society is accepting new members. Among them were at US presidents George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush, many senators, judges of the Supreme Court, which led many to speculate that this secret society acts as a kind of underground organization and achieve the aims of the political elite. Membership in this society is no longer a secret, but their rituals are.

The Thule Society
For a large number of secret societies are suspected to have evil intentions, but Thule Society is one of the few who did it and prove it. They started their gatherings in Germany after the end of the first World War, dealt with the occult, but were soon transformed into an organization that has promoted the ideology of Aryan race, and which has taken racist attitudes in relation to the Jews and other minorities. In 1919, they founded a political organization under the name of German Workers’ Party, whose member was the young Adolf Hitler.

Knights of the Golden Circle
The Knights of the Golden Circle, a secret society that operated in the United States during the Civil War. At first they tried to get to the merger of Mexico and the Caribbean. However, when the war started, divert their attention from colonialism to fire support to the newly formed government of the Confederacy. They recruited thousands of followers. They had a big impact in the northern states. Often formed outlaw gangs to their goals realized with the use of force. A member of the Society was the outlaw Jesse James…

You may also like Most Successful Utopian Communes Facts article…

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Megalithic…
This prehistoric monument on Salisbury North, in southwest England, which dates back to the New Ston Age is one of the megalithic monuments because it is built of massive stone blocks. The monument is now in ruins, and it is not known what purpose it served; but it is believed in ritual or religious purposes.

Cow skulls…
After excavations around the monument in 1620, scientists found a cow skulls and burned charcoal in the center of the monument. Analysis of a soil led investigators to conclude that Stonehenge was made 2600 years before a new era.

Location…
Stonehenge was not always at the place where it is today, and stones that weighs several tons originally been on the other location; more than 200 kilometers away; in Wales.

Circles…
Stonehenge consists of two concentric circles and the inner halfcircle. The outer circle, which is made of very large blocks; is made of stones from around the plains Solsberry. Stone blocks of the inner circle and half circle come from the province of Pembrokeshire in West Wales

Summer sunrise…
Many believe that the Stonehenge was built by worshipers of the sun. The opening in the circle is facing a summer sunrise. In neighboring Ireland, a similar monument Newgrange, was built about the same time facing the winter sunrise.

Bluestonehenge…
Avenue Stonehenge is 3 km long and connects Stonehenge to the River Avon. There was found a circle of blue stones in 2009; so-called “Bluestonehenge”. It was built around the 2600th to 1700th BC and coincides with the summer equinox.

Read also How Petra was Built and What was the Colosseum Used for in Ancient Rome!

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