Primitive fish have existed long before land animals. Fish have evolved tails, which they were allowed to move easily through the water (tail wagging pushes forward). Later, the evolution of fish developed lizards, and from lizards have evolved mammals.

In animals with spine, such as, for example a cat, the tail is an extension of the spine. Over time, the tails of different animals have specially adapted to perform different things. Meanwhile, the creatures which the tail did not need (the people), they lost it during evolution.

Do all animals have tails? No. There are a lot of animals that don’t have tail; like guinea pigs, apes, frogs, snails, octopuses…

Do human embryos have tails and gills?

Before it is born, every human embryo re going through some periods of the history of human evolution. At the very beginning, the tiny embryos have gill slits like a fish, our remotest ancestors. And until the fourth week of development, human embryos have a small tail, the rest of our ancestors of mammals. Before gradually disappear, a tiny tail grows about two weeks. Since it remains only fused, bony growths at the end of the spine called the tail bone.

What is the purpose of a tail in animals?

Animals that dig holes usually have a very short tail, long would they only bothered. But animals that climb trees or run on the ground often have a long tail (squirrels, monkeys, tigers, wolves, dogs). Inhabitants of trees, such as squirrels, use the tail to maintain balance on the branches, and as a rudder when jumping through the air from branch to branch.

In some animals, such as, for example, chameleons and spiders monkeys, tail is adapted for catching, meaning that they serve as a reserve hand. Spider monkey can catch branch with tail, and to wrapp tail around it like a rope and completely safe hanging.

Lizard’s tail well serve to distract predators such as snakes, especially when half-lizard went into the hole, and the tail wags on all sides. When predators catch it, the lizard rejects tail, which is struggling on the ground, and so for a moment confuse a predator, and lizard escapes. Later it will simply grow a new one.

Porcupine use its tail as a weapon, placing it so that plunged many sharp spikes in the nose of animals that attack it. Some dinosaurs were its tail bristling with spines used as a mace.

The tail can also be used like body language for communication. Just like a child who joyously leaping, dog frantically wagging his tail showing excitement. Upright tail can mean that the dog is ready for the fight, as when a man clenched his fists to make it look more dangerous. Similarly, folding tail and bending down the head dog says he’s afraid. The cat, however, switch tail back and forth when upset or angry. It can swinging tail from side to side when looking at prey, such as delicious bird that carelessly bouncing around her.

Which animal has the longest tail? Longest tail of all the animals, up to 2.4 m, has a male giraffe. Giraffes also have the longest neck in the animal world.

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Rolling on the dew and bathing in it was favorite part of some ancient rituals, and people were consuming it for quick refreshment and good health.

Dew does not occur only early in the morning on the grass. In summer, when it is very warm, a kind of dew occurs on cold water pipes, or glass filled with ice. Dew is formed when the air saturated with water comes into contact with cold surfaces. The air is characterized by a temperature called the dew point temperature.

This means that at a certain temperature and pressure a quantity of air contains the highest possible quantity of water vapor. The air was drenched, like a sponge full of water at the time of it start to fall out drops. Will there be dew in the morning depends on what the temperature was the previous night.

When the sun goes down, the Earth’s surface begins to lose heat which was gathering all day. Cools down and humid air just above the ground. When the sky is clear, the heat is simply radiated into space. A cool air, which is heavier, can not contain such a large amount of water vapor as warm air. Therefore, he quickly reaches the dew point, which can not receive more water without “shedding”. If the weather does not change, and if does not appear wind that brought from the height hot air – dew is formed.

This happens as follows: air pre saturated with water vapor touches the cold blade of grass. Since water vapor in contact with grass cools and turns into liquid droplets that fall on the grass (like from a soaked sponge). These droplets are fixed to the water that evaporates from the natural plants. The entire lawn quickly covers the droplets, which, when it was morning and the sun comes out, shine and glitter.

Dew is usually formed on a clear night, because there is no cloud that would prevent the heat radiates into space. Therefore, if you have the morning dew, that day will not be rain, and the absence of a rose is they might be rain.

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Of the approximately 150,000 known species of butterflies around 2,000 species are migratory, and the most famous among them is certainly the monarch (Danaus plexippus), which is the habitat of southeastern Canada.

Migration of butterflies are much more complex than in birds, primarily because of their short life. It’s amazing that during the year shift four generations, who do not live equally. Three generations live in spring and summer, and fourth generation that begins its journey to the southern regions, lives eight months.

Exactly how long it takes to complete their way to middle of Mexico and back. They then cover part of the sky, and according to some data, the width of a swarm is more than 30 kilometers.

When flew half of the American continent, millions of butterflies resort area of middle Mexico where there are volcanic ridges that are covered with a variety of plants. Butterflies are placed on trees, whose branches literally bend under the weight, and the flapping of their wings reminiscent of the sound of rain.

Butterflies do not eat anything for four months. They feed on fat stored in their bodies and drink water. Plants that flourish in the spring period are very important for these butterflies, because they were then at their disposal plant nectar. Then can store the necessary energy for the long journey to North America.

Monarch butterflies mate just before the return to the northern regions, and their flight always start at equinox. When they complete their journey, tired, with torn wings, have the power only to lay eggs on milkweed stems. And then die. Newborn and the next two generations living by one and a half month and then is reborn fourth generation with the first cold weather begins its flight. And the cycle is repeated for thousands of years.

To date, the man was unable to decipher how the fourth generation lives longer than the previous three when the other characteristics did not differ. This begs the question of how life every fourth generation coincides with the winter period.

Do they have a sixth sense, a biological clock, however they know when the vernal equinox to set off on the long trip home? Scientists have observed and questioned their amazing power of navigation and came to the conclusion that their orientation required very accurate information about the Earth’s magnetic field and that them from course can divert only exposure intentionally caused by heavy magnentnim forces.

One thing is certain – there is no coincidence. Monarch butterfly has found a true mathematical model still at the very beginning, because that first fourth generation did not have this characteristic to live longer, a whole generation would die even during the first winter, and species would become extinct. Maybe you would like to read The Butterfly Effect Chaos Theory…

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What Chupacabra means? The name was given because of the habits, by eyewitness that the attack and drink the blood of livestock, especially goats.

Chupacabra, or literally translated from Spanish goat-sucker, is a youngest kind of cryptid because unlike the other mysterious beings appear only in the modern era. Moreover, it is characteristic that it is the only species that has an accurate description of what it looks like.

Eyewitness statements vary from alien beings that walk on two legs, through the animal that looks like a dog or a coyote, to kind of reptile with scales or feathers, which looks like a kangaroo, and even to something that might be a bat which is the size of a man .

First reported cases

The first reported cases of its existence are from the March 1995 on the territory of Puerto Rico, where is found eight dead sheep, each with three stab wounds in the chest and without a drop of blood in them. The mystery is increased because in addition to the bodies of animals was very little blood, not nearly as much as it should be that the animals are slaughtered and allowed to bleed.

A few months later, in August, in the Puerto Rican city of Canovanas, was reportedly killed 150 domestic animals and pets, and eyewitness, Madelyn Tolentino, reported that she had seen the creature responsible for this massacre. Apparently, the creature was the size of a small bear, with a small round head, large sloping red eyes, small mouth, spines that extend from the the vertex along the spine to the back end, with large claws on the hands and feet.

The most famous American paranormal investigator, Benjamin Radford, after 5 years of research revealed that the description given by Madelyn Tolentino identical creature Sil from the sci-fi film Species (Species), who coincidentally showed a few weeks before her statement regarding the Chupacabra, and that the autopsy showed that in the dead animals were yet more blood and were not really ” dry ”. Redford said the Chupacabra may exist, but it certainly does not look like Madelyn described.

Shortly thereafter, began reports of cupakabra throughout Latin America, from Chile to Mexico, and few in the south of the United States. Only this time the mysterious blood-sucking seems less fantastic. In appearance resembles a large dog or a coyote, with a long nose, thin body that resembles a greyhound, thin legs and thin long tail, without any body hair.

In 2004 in Texas was reported about 150 cases of attacks on livestock, and near San Antonio was even killed the creature that attacked a couple of cows. In the town of Coleman, in Texas, a hunter was caught in the trap a creature that met the description of Chupacabra, and found two more corpses of cattle in the vicinity of San Antonio. Two different tests at two universities in Texas and California, have shown that these were coyotes suffering from severe mange (sarcoptic or demodectic).

Russian Chupacabra… or vodka?

In early 2006, appeared in central Russia cases similar to those in Puerto Rico and Texas. First they found 32 turkeys, then 30 sheep, few head of cattle and a lot of dogs and cats. Russian researcher of the paranormal Vadim Černobov traced the Russian cupakabra of Ukraine, Belarus and Polish, accumulated a wealth statement and at the end he gave a description of bloodsuckers: kangaroo-like creature with a head like a crocodile, which his victims attack from the air, according to the marks on places of attacks. He concluded that it was all nonsense associated with the influence of vodka…

What is the Chupacabra really

From 2007 until today, have been reported more than 1,000 cases of attacks of Chupacabra, it has been shown hundreds of photographs, dozens of videos, and it can be said that eyewitnesses finally agreed on looks. The creature that looks like a dog, short front and long hind legs, long pointed snout, thin body and long tail, with no hair on it. Only this version of Chupacabra has an excellent explanation by biologists in Texas:

The coyote suffering from mange, losing hair, losing weight dramatically and force, can not to hunt their natural prey and turns to slower animals that can not escape, such as sheep or cows.

The mysterious bites on the neck quite correspond to stabbing of canines, in this way all wild beasts hunt prey, suffocating it. A lack of blood from animals zoologists explain in that diseased coyote does not have the power to bring down prey to the ground and choked it, so attacked animal can runs some distance from the places of attack with the attacker on his back, until it died of blood loss. Read also Facts And Myths About Werewolves!

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Cows have the perfect mouth for grinding food – large flat teeth at the rear of both jaws. But front teeth cow has only the lower gums. On the upper gums on the front no teeth; only are coated with a thick layer of cartilage. Cow bowed his head, wrapped with tongue bundle of grass and cut it by pressing the lower teeth and fleshy upper gums.

The cow has four stomachs: rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. Each of them is specially adapted for a particular part of the processing of bundles grass and hay that cow eats. Cows chewing grass or hay just until moistened enough to be able to swallow them. Through the esophagus the food goes down to the rumen and reticulum.

The first two stomach processed food as large mixers, soften it and mix. Millions of bacteria and other microorganisms that live in these two stomachs begin to “guests with food” and to break down tough cellulose fibers in the stalks and leaves. After a while, the cows comes back “balls” of digested food in the mouth – and chew them for a while.

Food all the time going up and down. The average cow also spend up to eight hours a day on food rumination. At the end the food passes through the first two of the stomach and enters the other two, where are further decompose, and then passes into the intestine. After that, the food is officially considered to be digested.

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The human body like oxygen because it is a gas that keep their bodies alive. Premature babies, whose lungs may be underdeveloped when they are born, sometimes are put in incubators with oxygen-enriched atmosphere. Instead of 21%, the air in the incubator containing 30% or 40% oxygen.

Babies with difficult respiratory problems may surround with a hundred percent oxygen to prevent brain damage.

Too much and too little oxygen

But too much oxygen can affect body in bad way as too little. Too much oxygen in the air of incubators and in the blood can damage blood vessels in the eyes of the baby and cause loss of vision. From this it is evident sided nature of oxygen. In order to live we need to breathe, but oxygen to living organisms can be toxic.

When the oxygen from the air united with other elements, such as hydrogen and carbon, this reaction is called oxidation. Oxidation causes the decomposition of organic molecules, which are the basis of life. At normal temperatures, the oxygen is slowly uniting with other elements. Thereby releasing heat but in amounts that are too small to feel them. If the temperature rises, the oxidation can take place very quickly.

When, for example, light a match, the friction between the head of the matches and the tape on the box is heated. Fast oxidizing, matches ignited. In this case, we feel the heat and see light generated by the oxidation. The oxidation in the human body is not as vigorous. Red blood cells take oxygen from the lungs and distribute it on the body. In the tightly controlled process, much slower and less forceful than burning in flames, oxygen molecule breaks down the food we eat. This interpretation is releasing energy and water, remaining carbon dioxide. Red blood cells then return carbon dioxide to the lungs, and we breathe out into the air.

Balance of oxygen

It is important for human body to get enough oxygen. In the air is just the oxygen level that suits us – 21%. But even in this “ideal” amount, oxygen shows its destructive effects. Dry grass can be hoped from a single spark. The balance of oxygen and other gases maintains the life cycle in nature: humans and animals exhale carbon dioxide; plants use it and release oxygen.

However, it is not certain that the oxygen levels remain the same forever. The amount of carbon dioxide discharged into the atmosphere growing, mainly because it is released at the combustion of fossil fuels, such as, for example, petrol. Meanwhile, the biggest vegetation in the earth, trees, cut at an accelerating rate. Every minute wipe out entire hectares of forest. These two processes slowly reduce the amount of oxygen in the air, and all the forces of scientists trying to determine how much damage has so far caused.

Interesting fact: when sheets of a book eventually become brown, it is due to oxidation – slow combustion. Read also Why is Carbon Monoxide Dangerous, and you can read How Your Blood Works…

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Camels were first appeared in the deserts of the southwest of North America.

During evolution that lasted millions of years they have become true masters of survival in dry regions. But water is essential to all living beings on Earth, and camels without it can not survive. Blood contains 91% water. If you can not make up for the loss of water created by sweating and urination, blood will thicken. Instead of flowing through the blood vessels, moving as syrup. This is dangerous because the body is cooled by the rapid flow of blood.

Namely, in the conversion of food into energy, the body creates heat. These reactions occurring deep in the body they heat the blood, and it transfers heat to the surface of the skin and streaming by diffusing it. Skin fast radiated heat into the air and the body cool. But dried blood, thick as honey, can not be fast enough to reach the skin. The heat accumulates and can perform death. Even if do not heat, people without water can survive only a few days.

However, camels can survive as much as seventeen days between watering. Most people think that they are humps refrigerators in which the flask stored water slowly seeps into the bloodstream of a camel, but this is not true. Humps are actually full of fat. The camels use their humps, as well as the whole body, in the unique strategy for life in dry areas. First, the body temperature of camels changes with air temperature. At night it goes down to about 34°C, and then, during the day (when the temperature in the Sahara can reach 58°C) can be raised to 41°C.

Because the distinction between the body and outdoor temperature decreased, the air is heated slower than the body of of camels when it was cooler. Second, when the heat, camel metabolism (burning of food in the body) takes place more slowly and produces less heat. Third, camels can really certain amount of water to return from the kidneys into one of its four stomach, and then into the blood, rather than the loss of all with urination. Finally, hump camel serves as a protective cover. This bunch of fat baked in the summer sun, it absorbs and retains heat, and slows its descent to the internal organs of camels. The heat that is generated in the body is rapidly radiated in the air from the camel’s spindly legs.

Camels can for every 100 kg of body weight to lose 20 liters to 40 liters of water, and that they do not get sick (water is not lost from the blood, but mostly from other tissues). However, camels in no case do not enjoy this kind of lifestyle. Thirsty camels, who survived the days of their own again processed water, can consume hundreds of liters of water for five minutes. Read also How to Survive in the Desert!

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Then Eugene Aserinski, a graduate student at the University of Chicago, used the EEG (electroencephalograph, EEG reveals a weak electrical current that the brain creates while working and draws a wavy diagram of electricity on paper) to “listen” mind of his sleeping 8 year-old son. He was surprised by what he discovered. While the child is asleep, pencil EEG every few hours frantically drawing a zigzag patterns over the entire paper. At the same time, it seemed that the boy’s eyes under closed lids twitch back and forth.

Between REM, electric waves are slow and smooth, what to expect from the brain is asleep. But during REM sleepwhile dreaming, drawing of electrical waves is very similar to the findings of a completely awake man. However, as everyone knows, dreams are very different from reality. Nightmares are flooded with monsters and ghosts. Even in a beautiful dream events are often strange and confused. It seems that dreams have silly messed up structure.

Since we wake up, we often ask to do something in them had to do with something else. However, during sleep, all in some unusual and zany way agrees. Martin Seligman, a specialist in experimental psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, developed a theory that explains why it is so and what are dreams.

According to Seligman, the explosion of electricity in the brain that causes a dream image in a dream. New explosions produced a new image, and so on, for ten to thirty minutes of a typical dream. Perhaps the first image is a huge tree; the second image is an old house. Trying to make sense of the absurdity the mind each strange new image gets involved in a story. The story can be happy, sad or frightening, depending on the emotional state of the person who dreams.

This process of including all kinds of things in the plot of the story is also applied when irritation comes from outside (phone ringing, clamor). The brain has the ability to sounds or feelings from the outside quickly turn into the story. Read also this article How The Human Mind Works!

Year after year, scientists who study sleep, learn more about how we dream. However, it is still unknown why we dream. Seligman thinks that the theory of the structure of sleep suggests why we dream. Maybe dreams provide an opportunity to practice understanding of the world. Every day we need to deploy and interpret events and feelings – we need to connect them together in the story of our lives. And every night to practice. Seligman says that this could explain why babies spend most of the day sleeping and dreaming. Maybe learn the skills necessary for understanding of an immense and a new world. Read about The Pillow That Reads Your Mind!

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Mercury – closest to sun

In the sky of the planet closest to the Sun, Mercury, the Sun is huge and looks three times higher than when viewed from Earth. By day, its surface can be blindingly bright. But the sky is black and even then, because Mercury has almost no atmosphere that repelled and wasted sunlight (similar to Earth’s natural satellite, the Moon). As the sun heats the rocky landscape of Mercury, temperatures can jump up to 427 ° C. At night, however, the smooth heat radiates into space, and the temperature drops to -183 ° C.

Venus – greenhouse effect

Venus, the second planet from the sun, enveloped by the atmosphere made up mainly of gaseous carbon dioxide. In this atmosphere flying thick stinking clouds of sulfuric acid. They made every day on Venus cloudy. Although Venus is distant from the Sun than Mercury, the temperature on its surface also be higher. This is due to the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide prevents heat to leave the planet, such as a greenhouse keeps plants warm. Therefore, the temperature on Venus is around 482 ° C. You can read here lot about Venus

Mars – light at noon

After Earth, the third planet, comes Mars. On it is the apparent size of the Sun to a third less than on Earth. The amount of light that comes to it is three times smaller than the one that shines on Earth. Weakened light still has to make its way through the dusty red skies, often filled with dark red ground which raise the storm winds. However, over the year the temperature may reach a similar temperature as the Earth, 17 ° C, and at noon on Mars can be very light. Read about Dust Storm On Mars.

Rest of planets

After Mars are huge planets, composed mainly of gas – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. All four are covered with dense clouds. On each of the four outer planets of the solar system, the sun seems less and less, and its brightness weaker.

For example, on Jupiter Sun appears five times less than on Earth, and Jupiter receives twenty-five times less light and heat than Earth. From the great height, from Jupiter’s clouds, we would saw a little pale sun. Read here more facts about Jupiter.

Although the sunlight on Saturn is even more weaker, there is enough to illuminate its enormous ring system, which are composed mainly of ice. The sunlight that hit them turns them into sparkling light circles. Depending on the tilt of Saturn to the Sun, these rings can cast a huge shadow on the surface of the planet blindfolded its southern half with even deeper darkness.

And finally, when viewed from a distant icy Pluto, by 2006 the ninth planet of the solar system, fact is that the sun is away cold light, at a distance of 5.9 billion kilometers. It looks like a very bright star in a dark sky and could hardly guess that this is Pluto sun.

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Mercury, the planet closest to the Sun, has a lifeless surface covered with craters, and the temperature during the day reaches 427 ° C. Its atmosphere is so rare that it is almost imperceptible. Mercury has no clouds or rain.

But therefore Venus, the Earth’s first neighbor, clouded by the thick clouds, and lightning cut through its gloomy sky. Because the clouds were not able to see its surface, astronomers once thought to Venus could have been wet, swampy and covered with lush vegetation. Now they know that this planet is rocky and hot – at noon on it temperature is 482 ° C. On Venus really exists acid rain. Yellow clouds do not consist of water, but of deadly sulfuric acid.

Check here Why does rain fall in drops?

Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun, used to be the most similar to Earth. In winter on Mars wind carries the fluffy clouds of carbon dioxide over the red plains. In the valleys, sometimes floating morning fog, but never exceed in the rain. However, in the Martian landscapes are etched channels like river beds, which are now dry. Astronomers assume that they once chased water and that billions of years ago, Mars had a denser atmosphere. Rain is likely to be in abundance.

Jupiter is surrounded by colored rings of clouds. Some clouds may consist of water; most likely make the swollen mounds of frozen ammonia. Jupiter has a storms, during which they could to rain (or snow) of crystals of ammonia, but they melt and evaporate before they fall into the sea of hydrogen.

Saturn is also a large gaseous planet and it is considered that the weather is very similar to the weather on Jupiter.

Another gaseous planet, Uranus, also enveloping haze of clouds. These clouds are from methane (natural gas), and some of them are giant versions of storm clouds on Earth. Drops of liquid methane that fall from the clouds evaporate on the way down.

Far gaseous Neptune is mysterious. It is known that there are clouds of frozen methane, but it is not known much about the weather on it. Even greater puzzle is icy Pluto, by 2006 the ninth planet of the solar system, which is 5.9 billion miles from the sun.

On Titan, Saturn’s largest satellite, and the only satellite of the solar system which has an atmosphere, methane snowflakes sometimes fall from the reddish clouds and slowly descend into the great ocean of methane or nitrogen.

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